History of the Guidance Movement Essay

Profession directing was first presented in the mid 1900 as professional advising it was utilized as a way to end neediness during when society was in turmoil over a demising economy. â€Å"This new calling was portrayed by students of history as a â€Å"progressive social change development planned for destroying destitution and inadequate day to day environments brought forth by the quick industrialization and resulting relocation of individuals to major urban focuses at the turn of the twentieth century (Whiteley, 1984, p. 2).† During this time the quantity of instructors was insignificant and the directing system was still in its formative stages. Straightforward Parsons, who is known as the dad of directing was a backer for the privileges of the oppressed who were being abused by new businesses. Parsons made the Bureau of Vocational Guidance and create logical procedure to assist individuals with picking professions. His hypotheses were established in first improving wor king conditions, at that point concentrating on the individual workers’ needs. He started the professional direction development in the mid 1900. In 1905 he and his partner Ralph Albertson established the Breadwinner’s Institute in Boston. The organization offered courses to the working poor to assist them with achieving abilities to prepare them for the new business. Parson’s take a shot at professional direction grouped the reality recognized the reason and reached the inferences around a few issues relating to reasonableness of individuals for various workplaces. The direction development rose during the adjustment in the American economy the tremendous decay of rural occupations is the thing that set it moving. The individuals who once flourished in this industry would now be over taken by the development of innovation. Expanding urbanization of the nation, and the calls for administrations to meet this local movement design, all to retool the new mechanical economy achieved by the modern upset. This made an incredible movement the United States which thusly called for professional direction. Albeit Frank Parson is credited as the dad of the development other like mindedâ people including instructors, business analyst, attorneys, priests, therapist and social specialists would before long join the development and were prepared to propel the reason for professional direction as a way to impact social equity. These individual would advocate for the making of administrative organizations to help manage the economy. The fundamental reason for t he direction development was to improve the lives of societies’ generally defenseless while demonstrating appreciation to their privileges as individuals giving them the vital abilities and apparatuses should be beneficial inside their networks. Subsequently children’s help social orders were made, adolescent courts set up, work laws established, instructive changes organized and out of this the professional direction development was conceived. Parson replacement Meyer Bloomfield was additionally instrumental in the direction development. He was resolved to propel the reason by making coalitions with neighborhood and national experts. Bloomfield help start the board of trustees that would proceed to design the principal National Conference on Vocational Guidance. The Conference was held in November of 1910. It was at this show the plan to execute professional directing in schools would emerge. During this time an enormous number of youngsters where leaving school to go to work without the essential information about the universe of work As Bloomfield put it â€Å"young individuals are unguided, ill-equipped and clueless (Brewer 1942).† These gatherings would proceed to be held every year and out of them would come the National Vocation Guidance Association which was made in 1913 (Brewer 1942). Now everything was set up for the advising calling to prosper. Over the most recent a long time since the underlying beginnin g of the direction development much has been cultivated but then much stays to be finished. The direction development rose out of a turbulent time and today vocation improvement experts are confronting difficulties that reflect those of the past. Crafted by the antecedents have helped prepared the new age experts to more readily help the individuals who are still generally powerless in the public eye. As a result of past commitment, we proceed to walk and make striking grindstones in the calling. Over the most recent 50 years vocation improvement has been upset by imagination and advancement, brought by various experts. Vocation direction keeps on developing as society changes and therefore today’s profession proficient are better prepared to help the customers they serve. Straightforward Parson obviously states in his own book the significance of direction â€Å" Noâ step throughout everyday life, except if it be the decision of a spouse or wife, is increasingly significant that the decision of a livelihood. This crucial issue ought to be explained in a cautious logical manner with due respect to each person’s aptitudes capacities aspirations assets and restrictions, and the relations of these components to the state of accomplishment in various businesses (page3).† References Brewer, J.M. (1942). History of Vocational Guidance: Orgins and Early Development. New York: Harper& Brothers Whiteley, J. M. (1984). Advising Psychology: A recorded point of view. Schenectady, NY: Character Research. Parsons, F. (1909). Picking a work. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Pope, M. (). A Brief History of Career Counseling in the United States. The Career Development Quarterly, 48, 194-211.

Disaster Management for Mass Emergencies - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about theDisaster Management for Mass Emergencies Disasters. Answer: Prologue To Scenario Basic examination of catastrophe situation The Nepal tremor which occurred in the year 2015 can be named as a catastrophe that brought about mass level obliteration. It very well may be communicated that the debacle brought about the passing of in excess of 9000 individuals including neighborhood individuals, explorers, and travelers. Likewise, around 22000 people got harmed as a result of the earthquake(Xu, Nyerges, Nie, 2014). The seismic tremor was of 7.8 sizes, and the cataclysmic event harmed life and property in Kathmandu. As indicated by the estimation of United Nations, the life of right around 8 million individuals was influenced as a result of the quake. Aside from this, the seismic tremor is likewise considered as the most exceedingly awful shudder to strike in the 80 years history of Kathmandu. Then again, it very well may be basically contended that soon after 17 days of this debacle, the region turned into a casualty of another tremor with a greatness of 7.3(Bhakta Bhandari, 2014). The administration of the nati on to likewise requested neighborhood and worldwide help to manage the harm and complete reproductions. Substance of the reaction plan The seismic tremor reaction plan can be named as the operational arrangement that comprises of point by point methodologies and activities taken to manage circumstances, for example, the quake. It tends to be communicated that the arrangement incorporates key jobs and obligations of government, crisis supervisory group, and other administrative bodies(Rimal, Kunwar, Zhai, 2017). The substance of reaction plan additionally incorporates components, for example, basic foundation, coordinations, crisis social administrations, coordination of volunteers during the catastrophe and proper correspondence plan. Propriety of the reaction The reaction plan created by the administration of Nepal can be named as proper as it covers different perspectives that are basic in catastrophe the executives. For instance, the arrangement underscores on empowering compelling correspondence and coordination among volunteers and different partners during catastrophes, for example, the earthquake(Reed, Greulich, Hamer, Beadling, 2016). Aside from this, the reaction plan likewise centers around zones, for example, basic data necessity, key and open messages, and so on. Profundity of substance The nation has built up an inside and out substance plan to complete powerful administration of debacles. Further, the general substance of the reaction plan must be viable where it must be equipped for giving data to the objective individuals. The fundamental focal point of the reaction plan is on decreasing the degree of hazard that is related with the earthquake(Poudel, Fitzgerald, Clark, Mehta, Chhetri, 2015). Further, it has been discovered that conveying instruction to the nearby individuals corresponding to this calamity is vital like individuals must utilize crisis whistle during the quake, acquiring preparing from the neighborhood local group of fire-fighters, introducing smoke cautions, checking if there is network crisis reaction group or not(Carpenter Grnewald, 2016). In this way, it should be guaranteed well ahead of time that substance is suitable and its profundity should be broke down well ahead of time. Composing and designing of the reaction After any catastrophe occurred it is important to record the reaction of the individuals who are straightforwardly influenced because of this. Further, the principle purpose for the equivalent is that in future progressively powerful systems can be created. Catching the reaction of present people who are influenced because of this debacle is generally fundamental. It can most likely help with alleviating with the hazard in the better way and can be powerful in each conceivable manner(O'Sullivan, Kuziemsky, Toal-Sullivan, Corneil, 2013). Composing and arranging of the reaction should be possible in a different register that can be used for future in the correct way. A Response Plan To The Given Scenario 500 Avoidance It tends to be named as the as a matter of first importance phase of a reaction plan where the administrative specialists and legislature of Nepal will be required to underline on the recognizable proof of various perils. The vision proclamation will be to recognize different dangers and create procedures to relieve the hazard related with the equivalent. Here, the legislature should complete errand and exercises which can bolster in decreasing the general effect of catastrophic events, for example, an earthquake(Lee, 2016). In less complex terms, dangers can be characterized as the key hazard present during fiascos and which can bring about death toll and property during the equivalent. Rehearsing safe quake methodology two times per year will be another significant part of the reaction plan. Readiness In this phase of the reaction plan, people, government, and other administrative specialists will work with one another to design, get ready and train to manage various kinds of catastrophes, for example, the seismic tremor. Here, the departure plan will be created alongside guaranteeing the accessibility of remain/go. Moreover, the target will be that the conversations inside family, neighbors, and companions on circumstances, for example, quakes will be supported at customary intervals(Kunz, Reiner, Gold, 2014). The point in this stage will be to set up the networks and inhabitants in regards to adapting to the results of a crisis. Reaction In this phase of the reaction plan, the volunteers, nearby network, government and other administrative specialists will react rapidly as per the need, and in general necessity of the crisis circumstance confronted in light of the earthquake(Devkota, Doberstein, Nepal, 2016). Here, the arrangement and methodologies created during the phase of readiness stage will be thought about by Nepal. The key target of this stage is to guarantee that negative effect of the quake on life and property has been limited as it were. Then again, people and individuals influenced by the seismic tremor will be given quick alleviation in this stage. Mental medical aid will be utilized following the tremor as it will help with supporting the individual to normally recoup from the injury or damages(Khan, Johar, Baba, 2017). In this stage, techniques, for example, helping individuals to have a sense of security, associating them with others, demonstrating passionate and social help will be mulled over. Ment al emergency treatment will likewise be offered to the individuals who contemplated to bite the dust, people with psychological instability and past horrendous encounters. Recuperation It very well may be named as the last phase of recuperation plan where reproduction will be done. All the volunteers, government and other administrative specialists will concentrate on taking remedial measures and creating systems to reestablish the spot and regions influenced to their past state(Ha, 2017). In any case, it tends to be basically contended that the phase of recuperation will be a difficult assignment and consolidate endeavors of all will be required to reestablish the region and properties in Nepal to their past state. It can likewise be communicated that at the hour of reestablishing the spotlight will be more on building frameworks and networks that are sufficiently compelling to decrease the pre-fiasco risk(Xu, Nyerges, Nie, 2014). Key Plan Objectives and targets for performing and visual debacle program Creating open mindfulness, preparing and data dispersal can be named as three significant and most significant component of visual debacle program. To make the program fruitful, the center ought to be laid upon the referenced over three regions in a successful way. It is likewise proposed that at the hour of creating preparing and improvement program, the interest of all network individuals ought to be encouraged(Giambelli, Vitti, Bezzi, 2016). An exhaustive preparing concerning visual fiasco program is likewise basic to lessen the harms brought about by the seismic tremor to the life and property inside Nepal. The target of performing visual debacle program is to do hazard inspecting. It very well may be expressed that hazard reviewing is basic as it legitimately helps in comprehension and distinguishing the key territories which are at more serious hazard. Advancement Improvement of the arrangement for managing the issue of the seismic tremor as one of the fiascos and lessening its general effect fitting arranging is required well ahead of time. Improvement of the arrangement will happen by understanding the assets required, for example, what sort of help will be given to the individuals who are influenced because of the earthquake(Garge, Ha, Khoo, 2015). The key moves that will be made in the activities include utilities, building and advancement approaches, offices that should be given to the individuals who are influenced. Aside from this, successful advancement is likewise conceivable by attempted various estimates, for example, crisis correspondence procedure, operational and network recuperation. So, it is important to guarantee well progress of time that improvement system is powerful where it is conceivable to give help to each person who are influenced because of the earthquake(Erdelj, Natalizio, Chowdhury, Akyildiz, 2017). The improvemen t plan will likewise incorporate giving instruction to the individuals so they can comprehend what are the methodologies that can be embraced to manage the fiasco, for example, the tremor. Objectives and Objectives for debacle different as proper So as to alleviate the hazard related with seismic tremor various objectives and destinations are available that should be centered around. The following is the nitty gritty arrangement: Stage Objective Activities incorporate Moderation before debacle Diminishing the general effect on foundation Time to time auxiliary update of utilities, offices and improvement arrangements Moderation before debacle Diminishing the general effect on network Giving training to occupants, organizations, senior and childcare offices

The Day of Pink as a Transformative Event-Free-Sample for Students

Question: Pick a transformative event.You can not pick the case of theNishyuu Walkers.There are numerous chronicled and recent developments about transformative change inside a culture. Answer: The Day of Pink as a transformative occasion Transformative occasions are occasions that are actualized or begun to change a current circumstance or no-no. One such occasion is The Day of Pink which is one of the greatest transformative occasions that has affected a large number of lives far and wide. It was started to forbid harassing of any sort and particularly to forestall homophobia, transmisogyny and transphobia. It is additionally obvious that April 11, 2018, the International Day of Pink is commended everywhere throughout the world and has decidedly affected individuals everywhere throughout the world. It helped address an issue that was long not discussed and required voicing (Jong, 2015), decreased antagonism and affected existences of a few youngsters across Canada just as different nations of the world. In actuality, it has diminished infections identified with psychological maladjustment and inabilities. The most significant concern which estimated the accomplishment of this occasion was the effect it made on youth. Measurements guarantee that around 21 nations and a huge number of individuals around the globe support this occasion from the year 2018 (Parker et al., 2014). It impelled schools in Canada to embrace arrangements to forestall tormenting. It has given a stage to understudies and children to make some noise about their issues that they face. Uncommon classes are assigned to confer information and make understudies mindful of the fact that it is so essential to regard individual mates and make them mindful about the results of tormenting from an exceptionally youthful age. It has additionally helped understudies that experienced tormenting become liberal and helped them to discuss their encounters without feeling embarrassed or regretful of either their encounters or sexual direction. The effect on transgender of Canada has likewise been gainful and permitted them to regard themselves and acknowledge being extraordinary. In actuality, UNICEF in Canada has taken up measures alongside the legislature to spread mindfulness about the significance of compassion and benevolence. The occasion has made an effect sufficiently able to pull in the consideration of the legislatures (Maikey Stelder, 2015). In the area of Alberta and the territories of Newfoundland and Labrador the legislature is taking up activities to make the residents mindful of the equivalent. In Newfoundland and Labrador, the administration has given around $20,000 to just about 38 schools so as to perceive and value their endeavors towards a sheltered learning condition. The administration serves in Alberta including training priest, David Eggen and social administrations serve, Irfan Sabir themselves are progressively partaking in occasions on Day of Pink to advance the battle against tormenting. Indeed, educators and every single other sort of staff at school were taught about the significance of this day through government workshops and meetings and on this day even these experts donned pink alongside the understudies to show the significance of the day. Another manner by which the International Day of Pink turned out be a triumph is the lesser known effect that it has made on ladies particularly in the building segment in Canada. It has prompted more noteworthy investment of ladies workforce in designing firms in Canada (Jong, 2015). Aside from this, different restrictions that existed in the designing area like generalizing the working environment culture or framing the direction of a person as the premise to advancements in this segment have progressively improved. Better wellbeing and security norms have been actualized and emotional wellness is given as much significance as physical wellbeing now. Decent variety of workforce and helping individuals who have relocated to this nation gain abilities and work in this division are additionally being exceptionally looked for after the festival of Day of Pink was formally taken up by the specialists in Canada. Despite the fact that the Day of Pink has prompted decrease of harassing in schools and has prompted better psychological wellness conditions, information from Mental Health Commission of Canada,predict that despite the fact that the pace of tormenting has diminished, harassing still exists (Knaak, Modgill, Patten, 2014). The type of tormenting has just changed and has moved more to the utilization of online networking and telephones. It has been accounted for that when an individual arrives at the age of 25 years, in 20% cases, he creates psychological maladjustment out of the past harassing encounters that he more likely than not looked in his adolescence. Despite the fact that the legislature has moved and concentrated on the perspectives and effects of tormenting, it was at that point past the point of no return before these measures were taken thus despite the fact that the more youthful age are honored with the chances of being dealt with similarly, the age that has just gone through the negativism as for harassing are enduring even at this point. Shockingly, the area of populace related with cures and fixes and mindfulness is path lesser than the segment that has been seriously affected. This segment of populace in Canada represents most of the convicts in the nation who are related with wrongdoing and mental unsteadiness. It has been accounted for that despite the fact that the administration is attempting to lessen this damage, through projects at school, the emotional wellness and mindfulness among guardians and youngsters brought into the world with incapacities is likewise significant (Knaak, Modgill, Patten, 2014). This is s o in light of the fact that psychological wellness of guardians completely makes sway on their youngsters regardless of projects held at school and kids growing up with handicaps have either higher odds of getting tormented or themselves transforming into menaces. To close, it very well may be said that Day of Pink has had the option to drive the world towards a superior future and is gradually turning into a significant day that is being commended and will be praised for the years to come. Despite the fact that instances of harassing are as yet announced, Day of Pink has had its own way of achievement and decreased the paces of tormenting and school. It has figured out how to catch the consideration of the legislature and to teach better qualities in kids. Segregation of any sort isn't socially worthy as it spreads negativism and ought to inevitably be precluded in all nations around the globe. Worldwide Pink Day is an activity that is helping in its own specific manner to add to this action and help lessen separation based on social marks of disgrace. References: de Jong, D. (2015). He wears pink tights consistently, and a pink sweatshirt. How school social laborers comprehend and react to sexual orientation variance.Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal,32(3), 247-255. Knaak, S., Modgill, G., Patten, S. B. (2014). Key elements of hostile to disgrace programs for social insurance suppliers: an information blend of evaluative studies.The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,59(1_suppl), 19-26. Maikey, H., Stelder, M. (2015). Disassembling the Pink Door in the Apartheid Wall: Towards a Decolonized Palestinian Queer Politics.Thamyris/Intersecting: Place, Sex Race,30. Parker, A. E., Kupersmidt, J. B., Mathis, E. T., Scull, T. M., Sims, C. (2014). The effect of care instruction on grade school understudies: assessment of the Master Mind program.Advances in school psychological wellness promotion,7(3), 184-204.

Using Journal Article Critique

Using Journal Article Critique Writing an article review isn't nearly expressing your opinion on the job. Report Summary Provide a concise overview of the report, outlining the key points, results and discussion. Focus on an important article abstract. An article review is a part of writing where you summarize and assess somebody else's article. Thus, it should not merely focus on discussing what the article is about, but should reveal your personal ideas and opinions on the article. A fantastic article review implies that the writer reads the article several times to come up with a comprehensive comprehension of the content and its primary points. Discover tips about how to compose these critiques. Always make sure that you craft a rough opinion of the article you have at hand. It's clear from the abstract of the article this is no easy matter. A great number of your readers are already conscious of the subject of the guide, and the personal information regarding its author. Provide a great reason for selecting a particular article. The Fundamentals of Journal Article Critique Revealed Thus, you will know all that is necessary. These articles are great for defining a call to action. The Advantages of Journal Article Critique A critique can be defined as a form of piece in the area of academic writing that functions to briefly summarize in addition to critically evaluate a particular idea or employment. The abstract is essentially a summary which will provide you with an idea. The many contexts of the introduction of the short article could incorporate the political or social meaning. In case the article being critiqued is missing an element within at least one of the important categories, you still ought to address it in your critique. If you understand how to compose an article critique, you will readily finish the assignment not based on its complexity and formatting peculiarities. If you wish to learn to critique a guide, you should first have a crystal clear comprehension of exactly what this assignment is all about. The Foolproof Journal Article Critique Strategy Most samples depict a suitable formatting manner based on the style. Be certain that you review the article format along with the content and view it from all potential angles to see that every bit of detail adds up. You might be accustomed to writing papers in another format like mla or chicago style so that it might take some time to receive the hang of writing in apa format. Apa american psychological association style is among the most widespread academic formats when it has to do with wr iting research papers. The Tried and True Method for Journal Article Critique in Step by Step Detail You are going to receive unique texts, which will be finished in time. Explain the context where the work was made. There are instances when students do not will need to use articles as the main sources. You may give an instance of the relevant studies that are much like the work. The Most Popular Journal Article Critique The only means to compose a great article review without reading the full content is to get in touch with professional on-line writing services. You can rely on the ideal essay help online. Take notes on just what the use of the post is, and whether the info presented is relevant. Reviewing journal articles is the best way to find out more about a particular region of interest and how research is conducted. The Little-Known Secrets to Journal Article Critique The effect of the world totally depends upon your capacity to stress the vital points, problems, and arguments. In the debut, there are lots of things you should make sure you include. The principal strength of the short article concerns the unbiased perspective on the current condition of the events. The positive is you will be in a position to conserve time and do other chores. For instance, a strong point might be the debut of new info, and a drawback might be the absence of accuracy in representing the existent knowledge on the subject. Once more, a better analysis method might have been chosen dependent on the essence of the data collected. The very first step should always be to do an exhaustive read-through of the material you're going to be analyzing and critiquing. It's also essential to note that the summary shouldn't be your critique's primary point of focus and ought to be significantly shorter than your critical evaluation. Critical Evaluation The important evaluation part of your article critique example can thought of as the most important portion of learning how to critique a research article. An essential evaluation should also go a step further and analyze the article when evaluating its success concerning its goal. It does not simply highlight negative impressions.

Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Experiment

Why Is Visual Literacy Important Essay - 764 Words

Why is Visual Literacy Important? Urayoan V. Rivera CGD 218 August 27, 2012 Instructor Vasquez Why is Visual Literacy Important? We can look at images and we are allowed to see and interpret and self-define what the image is. The image can be a drawing a photograph or even a textual display with a color background. We see these images on an everyday basis and at times we just take them for granted. What we don’t know until we learn is that its Visual Literacy. That every image that we see tells a story and has a meaning to whom created it and to the audience it is trying to reach. In our text and through Brian Kennedy and the video â€Å"Visual Literacy: Why we need it!† the definition of Visual Literacy is revealed. We also†¦show more content†¦We can say it is because we can see what the image is and what it is trying to tell us. It is communicating to us in a silent form, but we are the ones that give it a voice or a text. An image is something that we see and image is something that can be imagined and we can see what it means to us and what it repre sents to every one of us. Just like music in where we can hear a melody or what the singer is saying to the audience we can define what it means, we can do the same with an image. Visual Literacy can impact communication and global understanding through allowing us the viewer to see what is going on, to see what the place or the word represents. We can see and feel what the image is displaying to us and what it represents. We can all have different definitions or meanings to what the image means to us because we all think differently. One thing is that the image provided an impact to every single one of us. The image can communicate to us in a silent form and tell us this is what it is and it will allow many others of different nationalities and beliefs to see what the image is representing. 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The Importance of the Environmental Issue

Question: Describe about environmental management for sustainable development? Answer: Introduction: The importance of the environmental issue has become the larger problem in the society. The oil and gas play a vital role in our society. It is the most important source of energy. This research study has provided an overview of the environmental issues due to the exploration of oil and gas in the nature. The researcher has provided several factors that cause the environmental issue. The oil and gas exploration has been affecting the nature through water pollution, soil pollution and the air pollution (Hellawell 2012). In this context, the researcher has analyzed the impact of oil and gas exploration on the water. The oil and gas industry is actually global with huge operation system in every part of the world. The global community has been heavily relying on the oil and gas supplies. Oil and gas supply provide 63% of the global energy (Tissot and Welte 2012). The oil and gas supply has always been an ecological side effect. For example, oil spills and damaged the land. It also affects the air and water. In the modern times, it has great influenced especially in the remote countries. Therefore, the oil and gas industry have been facing challenges of providing the environmental protection. Many organizations have achieved the target but other is still suffering from the issues (Zou et al. 2012). The prime issues of oil and gas industry is transportation. Transportation and distribution are two major parts of the oil and gas industry. The organization faces challenges during transportation of oil and gas. The industry has been following some strategies to reduce this safety issues in an appropri ate manner. As per the UK regulation, they require oil and gas licensees for retaining their E P data in an accurate form. As per the regulation, the government can request any license data at any pint of time. The government has been trying to increase their renewable energy sources. The oil and gas industry has two parts such as upstream and downstream. In the upstream, it suggests the exploration and production sector of the industry. On the other hand, the Downstream suggests a specific sector that deals with refining and the processing gas and crude oil products. It also engages their distribution and the marketing of the products. The oil and gas exploration have several impacts in the nature. These impacts depend on some factors such as stage of the process, complexity of the project and the size of the projects (Jarvie 2012). The effect of oil and gas exploration on the water is gigantic. It actually damages the water resources such as water quality, water flows, ground water interaction and the surface of the water. The released wastages from the oil and gas production cause water contaminants. Firstly, it affects the ground water level. It decreases the pressure in water wells and affects the quality (Vengosh et al.2013). In the exploration phase, very little water would be generated. Most of the time, water requires top support drilling operations. Through the exploration process hydrocarbon are released into the water and it affect the water. Commercial sea fish species are sensitive to the sound. Therefore, it might disturb the fish under the water. The transportation issues on the environment have become a major problem. It causes harmful waste materials. Moreover, it is responsible for air pollution, noise and land acquisition. These issues can be reduced through supporting governmental laws and re gulations. Through the engagement of proper monitoring system, the local government could reduce the transportation issues of oil and gas exploration. The transportation issues have both direct and indirect impacts on the environment. The direct impact indicates the immediate consequences of transport activities on the environment. For example, noise and carbon monoxide emissions are known to have direct harmful effect on the nature. On the other hand, the indirect impact often causes major impacts. For example, the water pollution could damage the health of the people in the society, as there is a chance to contaminate the drinking water by mixing the wastewater of oil and gas industry. During the oil and gas production, there are large amounts of produced water are recovered with the hydrocarbons. It is cleaned in stringent standards and sometimes, it re-injected to maintain reservoir pressure. As the mount of the oil releases into the water, the amount of produced water automatically increases. Hydraulic fracturing fluids have the poisonous effect on the ground water. Most of the time, the produced water is not used in domestic or the agriculture purposes as it is enormously salty. Produced water includes NORM or the noxious compound as it is released by the production without the actual treatment (Feenberg 2012). The maximum produced-water is disposed through injecting in a clearance wells or improved recovery well. The ground water could be infected during injection of produced water. In the production phase, the degradation of water could be happened due to vehicular traffic and the machinery operations during maintenance. Sometime, the application of chloride due to dust reduction could cause the water contaminates. Cold bed methane discharges many pollutants such as ammonia, arsenic, iron, boron, radium, manganese and fluoride (Rozell and Reaven 2012). Increasing sodium in the water could affect the fish. The underground firs could include the PAHs that could pollute the underground sources of drinking water. The distribution activities may affect the surface of the ground water. If the well is not completed properly such as surface formations are not sealed-off, non-portable formation waters can affect aquifers. If the surface water and the ground water are hydrologically connected, it could cause unwanted de-watering or recharging. Some time, the pipeline that is used for the distribution of oil and gas is connected to water resources to release the wastages (Dugan 2012). Hence, it pollutes the water. Now days, it is a big threat to control water pollution due to exploration of oil and gas. Some mitigation can be happened through applying several measures. Wastewater is dangerous element for the pollution and therefore, no wastewater should be discharged in the river or other water sources. The industry must initiate the appropriate treatment of that wastewater before releasing into water resources. Water pollution can be treated through several processes such as neutralization, aeration, evaporation, oil and gas separation, carbon adsorption, flocculation (Forstner and Wittmann 2012). There are several ways to prevent such water pollution such as Sewage treatment. In this treatment process, the household water should be treated properly so that it can be environmentally safe for the society. Human and animal excreta should not be mixed in the water resources to prevent water pollution. the actual sewage system can provide some solution to this issues. Another way of treating thes e issues is to prevent the river water from pollution (Kelland 2014). The flowing water of the river cannot be cleaned easily as it is very costly process. Large numbers of external substances are discharged in the river. The wastages of the oil and gas industry mix with the river water and hence, it cause great contaminates. It could adversely affect the people who use the water as they might have diseases. Therefore, the primary effort should be taken from oil and gas industry to not throwing wastages into the river. Treatment of water before discharging is another healthy method to prevent this kind of serious issues (Hirsch et al. 2010). Factories and the large industry should consider the water treatment before discharge it into the river. The toxic material must be treated properly. Through the engagement of chemically treatment, the toxic material can be converted into harmless materials. Therefore, the oil and gas industry should try to recycle their treated water before dis charging it into the water resources. The factories and the industries must follow the laws and legislation related to water contaminates. Adherence to the water law can facilitate to reduce water pollution (Koh and Sum 2010). As per the new edition of BP energy outlook 2035, the global demand for energy is expected to rise by 37 percent by 2035. Hence, it is a big challenge for the country like India, china. Carbon emission continues to grow in the environment and it causes pollution. Moreover, the growing of LNG becomes dominating factor in trade. In the oil and gas production, the volumes of the produced waters increase as the hydrocarbon resources are being decreased. The produced water dominates over wastages. It includes the injection water, brine, formation water and other technological waters. Formation water and the brine water are extracted along with oil and gas. On the other hand, injection waters are pumped into the injection wells to maintain the pressure of the system and pushing the hydrocarbon towards the producing well. All these waters are polluted waters that contain inorganic salts, hydrocarbon and the technological chemical. Therefore, theses waters are needed to be cleaned through applying several processes before discharging it into the sea. This cleaning process under the marine conditions is difficult technical task. Units on the platforms use a special separation for the oil separation (Koh and Sum 2010). The quality of produced water suggests either discharged into the river or injected into the dispo sal well. Sometimes the mixture of oil and water are transported through the pipelines to the onshore separation units. On the other hand, all kinds of drilling include the drilling mud and cuttings. A new technology has been developed recently to remove the drilling wastes. It provides some achievements of zero discharge of oil containing wastes during offshore oil and gas production (Huang et al.2010). The industry investigates some other measures in order to reduce the discharges. The industries avoid the sensitive locations for discharging these wastes waters. The industry could new initiatives for wastewater management. The new technology promises to improve the sustainability of the water resources. The new system creates new needs that suggest the technological development in the society. The need for change primarily suggests the new technological development due to heavy consumption of resources. The current population is growing and it is the threat for the society to prov ide clean resources of the water. Water stress affects the small amount of people in the world but it is expected that it could affect 45 percent of the global population by 2025 (Kostianoy and Lavrova 2014). Unlike other natural resources, the water is easily renewable. Therefore, the industry could take the initiatives to renewable wastewater. Many industries rely on the recycling technologies as it significantly reduces net water abstraction from the environment. The urban water management system causes water stress. In this process, the amount of nutrients like phosphorus increases. Although, the water service is provided uniformly across the world, nearly 1 billion people on the planet do not have the access to safe drinking water. On the other hand, 2.5 billion people do not have the adequate sanitation system (Kneese 2015). Therefore, the efficient urban water management is needed to meet global needs. Wastewater utilities have not been popular in many places. Therefore, the water management could facilitate to utilize wastewaters. The need of new approaches is driven by the need of sustainability. It can be defined as below: Providing access of clean water and sanitation Increase the use of local water resources Energy neutrality Taking more responsibility for nutrient management Financially stable utilities The area of sustainability must contain economy, environment and the society. The economical goal is to provide financially stable utilities with adequate resources for maintaining the infrastructure. The environmental goal includes three major factors such as sustainable water supply in the locality, energy neutral system with minimal chemical consumption and responsible nutrient management. The sustainable goal can be achieved through utilizing the new technologies. Membrane filtration systems have been developed for the water-reclamation systems (Feenberg 2012). Its micro and ultra filtration membrane provide excellent pretreatment for RO. With the engagement of MBR treatment solid residence times (SRT) are increased. It helps in completing the biological treatment along with the retention of pathogen. Nanotechnology provides the higher performing membranes with less fouling characteristics. It provides the advancement in RO technology consisted with enhanced membrane and configur ations, efficient pumping and energy recovery system and the development of process technology (Dugan 2012). Monitoring and the control systems is a complex system that provides sophisticated method of monitoring process (Weiland 2010). The production and consumption of reclaimed water should be balanced. It should not exceed the storage capacity. Therefore, the water production must be managed to maintain the integrity of the entire system. The local government should take the initiative to provide the monitoring system for preventing water pollution. There must be an operational team. They will be responsible for detecting such things that could pollute the river. The enforcement team could use several field agents to monitor on the river bodies. Ongoing work monitoring is essential for reducing the water pollution. Under the water framework directive, staffs and members are required to monitor and report on the status and the classification of the water quality (Weiland 2010). Thereby, it is determined by assessing an arrangement of chemical, biological, ecological and hydromorphilogical quality elements for assigning status from high to bad quality. The local authority must collect the water report from the agent on daily basis. They may start a hotline facility through which the people could inform the authority about the water condition. Several environment agencies and communication centre could facilitate the loc al government to gather updated report of the water status in the society (Kneese 2015). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the exploration of gas and oil industry roughly affect the environment. The serious action must be taken in order to save the nature. In this scenario, the researcher has discussed the effect of exploration, production and distribution of oil and gas industry in the environment. The researcher has analyzed the water pollution made by oil and gas industry. The researcher has discussed the new technologies that may prevent the water pollution. Monitoring system and enforcement program has been discussed in an appropriate manner. By analyzing the topic, the researcher has understood the importance of the water treatment before discharging it into the river or other water resources. References Dugan, P., 2012.Biochemical ecology of water pollution. Springer Science Business Media. Feenberg, D., 2012.Measuring the benefits of water pollution abatement. Elsevier. Forstner, U. and Wittmann, G.T., 2012.Metal pollution in the aquatic environment. Springer Science Business Media. Hellawell, J.M. ed., 2012.Biological indicators of freshwater pollution and environmental management. Springer Science Business Media. Hirsch, R.L., Bezdek, R. and Wendling, R., 2010. Peaking of World Oil Production and Its Mitigation.Driving Climate Change: Cutting Carbon from Transportation, p.9. Huang, G., Chen, F., Wei, D., Zhang, X. and Chen, G., 2010. Biodiesel production by microalgal biotechnology.Applied energy,87(1), pp.38-46. Jarvie, D.M., 2012. Shale resource systems for oil and gas: Part 2Shale-oil resource systems. Kelland, M.A., 2014.Production chemicals for the oil and gas industry. CRC press. Kneese, A.V., 2015.Water Pollution: Economics Aspects and Research Needs. Routledge. Koh, C.A. and Sum, A. eds., 2010.Natural gas hydrates in flow assurance. Gulf Professional Publishing. Kostianoy, A.G. and Lavrova, O.Y., 2014. Oil pollution in the Baltic Sea.The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Rozell, D.J. and Reaven, S.J., 2012. Water pollution risk associated with natural gas extraction from the Marcellus Shale.Risk Analysis,32(8), pp.1382-1393. Tissot, B. and Welte, D., 2012.Petroleum formation and occurrence: a new approach to oil and gas exploration. Springer Science Business Media. Vengosh, A., Warner, N., Jackson, R. and Darrah, T., 2013. The effects of shale gas exploration and hydraulic fracturing on the quality of water resources in the United States.Procedia Earth and Planetary Science,7, pp.863-866. Weiland, P., 2010. Biogas production: current state and perspectives.Applied microbiology and biotechnology,85(4), pp.849-860. Zou, C., Zhu, R.K., Wu, S.T., Yang, Z., Tao, S.Z., Yuan, X.J., Hou, L.H., Yang, H., Xu, C.C., Li, D.H. and Bai, B., 2012. Types, characteristics, genesis and prospects of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon accumulations: taking tight oil and tight gas in China as an instance.Acta Petrolei Sinica,33(2), pp.173-187.

A Managed or Accidental Innovation free essay sample

As you read this case story, think about the following two questions: 1. What were the critical factors that enabled 3M Post-it Notes to be successfully commercialized and what can we generalize about managing the innovation process from this case history? 2. What were the critical roles performed by some of the key individuals, including Silver, Oliveira, Nicholson, Fry, and Ramey? 1 33 3Ms Post-it Notes: A Managed or Accidental Innovation? P. RANGANATH NAYAK AND JOHN KETTERINGHAM In late 1978, the bleak reports from the four-city market tests came back to the 3M Corporation. The analyses were showing that this Post-it Note Pads idea was a real stinker. Such news came as no surprise to a large number of 3Ms most astute observers of new product ideas, for this one had smelled funny to them right from the beginning! From its earliest days, Post-it brand adhesive had to be one of the most neglected product notions in 3M history. We will write a custom essay sample on A Managed or Accidental Innovation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The company had ignored it before it was a notepad, when the product-to-be was just an adhesive that didnt adhere very well. The first product to reach the marketplace was a sticky bulletin board whose sales were less than exciting to a company like 3M. But why was this adhesive still around? For five years, beginning before 1970, this odd material kept coming around, always rattling in the pocket of Spencer Silver, the chemist who had mixed it up in the first place. Even after the adhesive had evolved into a stickum-covered bulletin board, and then into notepad glue, there was manufacturing saying that it couldnt mass-produce the pads and marketing claiming that such scratch pads would never sell. So by 1978, when the reports came in from the test markets, it seemed everyone whod said disparaging things about the Post-it Note Pad was right after all. 3M was finally going to do the merciful thing and bury the remains. At that critical moment, it was only one last try by two highly placed executives, Geoffrey Nicholson and Joseph Ramey, that kept those little yellow sticky pads from going the way of the dinosaur. To understand Silvers persistence with his innovative commercial challenge, it is necessary to go back to his moment of discovery. Silvers role in the development of Post-it Note Pads began in 1964 with a Polymers for Adhesives program in 3Ms Central Research Laboratories. The company has always had a tradition of periodically reexamining its own products to look for ways to improve them. Every so many years, said Silver, 3M would put together a bunch of people who looked like they might be productive in developing new types of adhesives. In the course of that Polymers for Adhesives research program, which went on for four years, Silver found out about a new family of monomers developed by Archer-Daniels Midland, Inc. which he thought contained potential as ingredients for polymer-based adhesives. He received a number of samples from ADM and began to work with them. This was an open-ended research effort, and Silvers acquisition of the new monomers was the sort of exploration the company encouraged. As long as you were producing new things, everybody was happy, said Silver. Of course, they had to be new molecul es, patentable molecules. In the course of this exploration, I tried an experiment with one of the monomers to see what would happen if I put a lot of it into the reaction mixture. Before, we had used amounts that would correspond to conventional wisdom. Silver had no expectation whatsoever of what might occur if he did this. He just thought it might be interesting to find out. In polymerization catalysis, scientists usually This article is a modified, shortened version of a chapter from P. R. Nayak and J. M. Ketteringhams book Breakthroughs, an Arthur D. Little international study of 16 major innovations (Rawson Press, 1986). Published with permission of ADL with additions and modifications made by Professor Ralph Katz, based on his 1996 interviews with Art Fry of 3M. P. R. Nayak and John Ketteringham are Management Consultants at Authur D. Little. Ralph Katz is Professor of Management at Northeastern University and Research Associate at MIT. 367 368 HUMAN SIDE OF MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION control the amounts of interacting ingredients to very tightly defined proportions, in accordance with prevailing theory and experience. Silver said with a certain measure of glee, The key to the Postit adhesive was doing the experiment. If I had sat down and factored it out beforehand, and thought about it, I wouldnt have done the experiment. If I had limited my thinking only to what the literature said, I would have stopped. The literature was full of examples that said you cant do this. Highly regarded publications and experts would have told Silver there was no point in doing what he did. But Silver understood that science is one part meticulous calculation and one part fooling around. People like myself, said Silver, get excited about looking for new properties in materials. I find that very satisfying, to perturb the structure slightly and just see what happens. I have a hard time talking people into doing that-people who are more highly trained. Its been my experience that people are reluctant just to try, to experiment-just to see what will happen! When Silver went ahead with the wrong proportions of the ADM monomers, just to see what would happen, he got a reaction that departed from the predictions of theory. It was what some call an accident and what Silver called a Eureka moment. What Silver experienced was the appearance of what would become the Post-it adhesive polymer. It was the moment for which all scientists become scientists-the emergence of a unique, unexpected, previously unobserved and reliable scientific phenomenon. Each time Silver put those things together, they fell into the same pattern-every time. Its one of those things you look at and you say, this has got to be useful! Youre not forcing materials into a situation to make them work. It wanted to do this. It wanted to make Postit adhesive, Silver said. Technically the material was what the research program called for, a new polymer with adhesive properties. But in examining it, Silver noticed among its other curious properties that this material was not aggressively adhesive. It would create what scientists call tack between two surfaces, but it would not bond tightly to them. Also, and this was a problem not solved for years, this material was more cohesive than it was adhesive. It clung to its own molecules better than it clung to any other molecules. So if you sprayed it on a surface (it was sprayable, another property that attracted Silver) and then slapped a piece of paper on the sprayed surface, you could remove all or none of the adhesive when you lifted the paper. It might prefer one surface to another, but not stick well to either. Someone would have to invent a new coating for paper if 3M were to use this as an adhesive for pieces of paper. But paper? Not very likely, thought Silver, and on this point, at least, everyone agreed with him. What Silver had done was more than the usual 3M lab synthesis; it was a discovery-the sort of thing a scientist can put his or her name on. When he watched the reaction, Silver was achieving fatherhood, and he was falling in love. He knew he might never again be responsible for so pure and simple a phenomenon. Almost instantly, he personified this viscous goo, calling the stuff my baby. It may not have been very sticky, but Spencer Silver got very attached to it. As he started to present this discovery to other 3Mers, however, he soon realized that few people shared his views about the beauty of this glue. Interested in practical applications, they had only a passing appreciation for the science embodied in Silvers adhesive. More significantly, they were trapped by the metaphor that insists that the ultimate adhesive is one that forms an unbreakable bond! The whole world in which they lived was looking for a better glue, not a worse glue. And like any other sensible adhesives manufacturer, 3Ms sights had never wavered from a progressive course of developing stronger and stronger adhesives. Suddenly, here was Spencer Silver, touting the opposite of what was considered normal product virtue. Although he couldnt say exactly what it was good for, it had to be good for something, he would tell them. Arent there times, Silver would ask people, when you want a glue to hold something for a while but not forever? Lets think about those situations. Lets see if we can turn this adhesive into a product that will hold tight as long as people need it to hold but then let go when people want it to let go. From 1968 through 1973, com- CREATING INNOVATIVE CLIMATES 369 developed your first goody, your gizmo. And then youve got to go out and try to sell it. Well, everybody in the divisions is so busy that they dont want to touch it. They dont have time to look at new product ideas with no end product already in mind. Silver went door-to-door to every division at 3M that might be able to think up an application for his adhesive. The organization never protested his search. When he sought slots of time at in-house technical seminars, he always got a segment to show off his now-it-works, now-it-doesnt adhesive. At every seminar, some people left, some people stayed. Most of them said, What can you do with a glue that doesnt glue? But no one said to Silver, Dont try. Stop wasting our time. In fact, it would have violated some very deeply felt principles of the 3M Company to have killed Silvers pet project. Much is made of 3Ms environment for innovation, but 3Ms environment is, more accurately, an environment of nonintervention, of expecting people to fulfill their days responsibilities, eve ry day, without discernible pressure from above. Silver, no matter how much time he spent fooling around with the Post-it adhesive, never failed in his other duties, and so, at 3M, there was no reason whatsoever to overtly discourage his extracurricular activities. The positive side of this corporate ethic is the feeling of independence each worker experiences in doing his job. The disadvantage is that, when you have a good idea that requires more than one person to share the work and get the credit, it can be hard to convince people to postpone their chores and help with yours. As Silver pursued his lonely quest, his best inspiration for applying his adhesive was a sticky bulletin board, a product that wasnt especially stimulating even to its inventor. He got 3M to manufacture a number of them-through a fairly low-tech and inexpensive process-and they were sent out to the companys distribution and retail network. The outcome was predictable. 3M sold a few, but it was a slow-moving item in a sleepy market niche. Silver knew there had to be a better idea. At times I was angry because this stuff is so obviously unique, said Silver. I said to myself, Why cant you think of a product? Its your job! Although Silver had overcome the metaphor- pany support systematically slipped away from him. First, the Polymers for Adhesives Program disappeared. 3M had given its researchers a specified time and a limited budget to conduct that program. When the time and money were used up, the researchers were reassigned even though some, like Silver, were just starting to have fun. The adhesives program died a natural death, Silver recalled. The companys business went off, and, in the usual cycle of things, the longer-range research programs were cut. So the emphasis was diminished and we still had invented some interesting materials that we wanted to push. The members of the Polymers for Adhesives group were assigned to new research projects. Left as a team, they might have fought together to keep alive a number of their odd little discoveries. But all those discoveries were shelved, with Silvers one glaring exception, and he got little assistance from his teammates in promoting the survival of his oddball adhesive. So he did what seems to happen frequently at 3M. He shrugged at the or ganization and he did it himself He had to wage a battle to get the money just to patent his unique polymer. 3M eventually spent the minimum money possible. Post-it adhesive was patented only in the United States. We really had to fight to get a patent, said Silver, because there was no commercial product readily apparent. Its kind of a shame. I wish it would change. If 3M commits itself to millions of dollars for research, it ought to allow you to follow up with the money for a patent. People at 3M, when they fight for something, seem to do it with an understated grace, a politeness that conceals their tenacity. This is true of Silver, who quietly began the arduous struggle to capture the imagination of his colleagues and superiors. Silvers only advantage was that he was, after all, in love. I was just absolutely convinced that this had potential, Silver said. There are some things that have a little spark to them-that are worth pursuing. You have to be almost a zealot at times in order to keep interest alive, otherwise it will die off. It seems like the pattern always goes like this: In the fat times, RD groups appear and we do a lot of interesting research. And then the lean times come just about at the point when youve 370 HUMAN SIDE OF MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION cal trap of always striving for stickier stickum, he, too, became trapped, albeit by a different metaphor. The bulletin board, the only product he could think of, was totally coated with adhesive-it was sticky everywhere. The metaphor said that something is either sticky or not sticky. Something partly sticky did not occur to him. More constraining was the fact that, until Silvers adhesive made it possible, there had been no such thing as a se lf-adhesive piece of note paper. Note paper was cheap and trivial, and the valuable elements used with these bits of paper were their durable fasteners of pins, tacks, tapes, and clips. So silver was immersed in an organization whose lifeblood was tape: Scotch brand tapes like magic tape, cellophane tape, duct tape, masking tape, electrical tape, caulking tape, diaper tape, and surgical tape, to name a few. In this atmosphere, imaging a piece of paper that eliminates the need for tape is almost unthinkable. In the early 1970s, 3M transferred Silver to its System Research group within the Central Research labs. There he met Oliveira, a biochemist who shared Silvers fascination with things that did stuff you didnt think they could do. Silver and Oliveira kept each other from getting discouraged; they were a duo that eventually presented the adhesive technology to Geoff Nicholson, which in the course of the seemingly accidental nature of Postit notes, may have been the biggest accident of all. Nicholson was, in 1973, appointed the leader of a new venture team in the Commercial Tape Division laboratory. Now venture teams were openended research and development groups formed, when funds are available, to explore new directions in one of 3Ms many lines of business and technology. Nicholson had been given a fresh budget and a free hand to develop new products in the companys Commercial Tape Division, whose new product development had grown sluggish. It is a standing policy at 3M that each division must generate 25 percent of its annual revenue from products developed in the last five years, a tall order for any division, especially those in the old, established product lines, and one on which Commercial Tape consistently had been coming up ~hort. Silver had been to see the people in Com- mercial Tape at least twice before. Both times they had rejected his dhesive. Two days before Nicholson arrived in Commercial Tape, Silver and Oliveira had been around again, trying to sell the idea to the divisions technical director, James Irwin. Irwin sidestepped them by saying there would be a new guy running research projects there in a couple of days. Two days later, Silver and Oliveira were almost the first people in Nicholsons new office. Here I am, brand-new to the di vision, and I dont know a lot about adhesives. And here they were talking to me about adhesives, Nicholson recalled. Im ripe for something new, different, and exciting. Most anybody who had walked in the door, I would have put my arms around them. Silver explained his adhesive discovery for the umpteenth time, and Nicholson, who didnt understand half of what he was saying, was intrigued. It sure sounded different and unique to me, said Nicholson. I was ripe for the plucking. Finally, Silvers unloved, uncommitted adhesive had a home. Nicholson went about recruiting people for the new venture team; Silver hoped that one of those people would arrive with a problem to match his five-year-old solution. The one who had the problem was a chemist, a choir director, and an amateur mechanic named Arthur Fry. It was Fry who eventually took the baton from Silvers weary grasp and carried it over a host of discouraging hurdles. Even before joining the new venture team in Commercial Tape, Fry had seen Silver show off his adhesive and had kept the idea turning slowly in the back of his mind. He agreed with Silver that this adhesive was special, although he too wondered what to do with it. Then one day in 1974, while I was singing in the choir of the North Presbyterian Church in north St. Paul, I had one of those creative moments, Fry explained. To make it easier to find the songs we were going to sing at each Sundays service, I used to mark the places with little slips of paper. Inevitably, when everyone in the church stood up, or when Fry had to communicate through gestures with other members of the choir, he would divert his attention from the placement of his array of bookmarks. One unguarded move, and they eiZ CREATING INNOVATIVE CLIMATES 371 and its demands, its easy to see why Spence Silver seems relieved, perhaps even grateful at the comparatively short shrift given to his role in the Post-it story. Silver is still in 3Ms basement, working out of a cramped, windowless office in a large, open, multihood laboratory, a place where experimental ferment still seems to take place. In Silver, the scientific playfulness that gave birth to the Postit adhesive still seems intact. In fact, without much prompting, he will hold up a glass cylinder of the old Post-it polymer, showing its milky white color in its restful state. He then squeezes the polymer with a plunger and, under pressure, the contents magically become crystal clear. Silver releases the pressure and the adhesive becomes opaque again! Silver doesnt know why it does that. Isnt that wonderful? he says. There must be some way you can use that! In 1974, after Silver had been making the same exclamation for many years, Fry had provided the first truly affirmative response. But with the Eureka moment at the North Presbyterian Church came many other problems. On the bulletin board, Silvers adhesive was attached to a favorable subs trate. It stuck to the bulletin board better than anything else. Move it to paper, however, and it peeled off onto everything it touched. If you couldnt change this property, you still couldnt make a future for Silvers Post-it adhesive. Says Fry, You had to get the adhesive to stay in place on the note instead of transferring to other surfaces. I think some of the church hymnals have pages that are still sticking together. The two members who invented a paper coating that made the Post-it adhesive work were named Henry Courtney and Roger Merrill. Silver said, Those guys actually made one of the most important contributions to the whole project, and they havent received a lot of credit for it. The Post-it adhesive was always interesting to people, but if you put it down on something and pulled it apart, it could stay with either side. It had no memory of where it should be. It was difficult to figure out a way to prime the substrate, to get it to stick to the surface you originally put it on. Roger and Hank invented a way to stick the Post-it adhesive down. And theyre the ones who really made ther fluttered to the floor or sank into the deep crack of the hymnals binding. Suddenly, while Fry leafed frantically for his place in the book, he thought Gee, if I had a little adhesive on these bookmarks, that would be just the ticket. Fry decided to check into that idea the next week at work. What he had in mind, of course, was Silvers adhesive. What had happened in Frys ever-searching curiosity was the creative association of two unrelated ideas. When Fry went to work on Monday, he ordered a sample of the adhesive, mixed different concentrations, and invented what he called the better bookmark. ~ Encouraged by Silvers enthusiasm and Nicholsons push for new products, Fry began to realize the magnitude of his creative activity. I knew I had made a much bigger discovery, said Fry. I soon came to realize that the primary application for Silvers adhesive was not to put it on a fixed surface, like the bulletin boards. That was a secondary application. The primary application concerned paper to paper. Fry had also coated only the edge of the paper so that the part protruding from the book wouldnt be sticky. In using these bookmarks for notes back and forth to his boss, Fry had come across the heart of the idea. It wasnt a bookmark at all, it was a note-a system of communication where the means of attachment and removal were built in and did not damage the original surface! Over the years, Fry has been ordained as the Post-it notes champion, a title which, in ensuing years, has imposed some unusual burdens on him. Today, rather than working side-by-side in a lab with old friends like Silver and Oliveira, Art Fry is ensconced in his own laboratory. To a chemist, this is the equivalent of the corporate comer officelofty among the echelons of the organization, but such loftiness often makes for a lonely job. On the other hand, Fry is often freed from the splendid isolation of his private lab to speak, as a company spokesman, to large groups of businessmen about the climate for creativity at 3M. He has been interviewed and quoted so often that business writers invariably peg him as the sole Post-it notes product champion. With Fry trapped by this role 372 HUMAN SIDE OF MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION the breakthrough discovery, because once youve learned that, you can apply it to all sorts of different structures. Courtney and Merrills contribution was the first in a series of actions that definitely were not accidents. Although there was still organizational resistance after Frys choir book epiphany, every action thereafter, including Courtney and Merrills research, was directed toward the development, production, and market success of the Post-it note. Fry was a tenacious advocate of the product through all phases from development to production scale-up. While Silvers task had been simply to convince his corporation that his glue was not just a footnote in the obscure history of adhesives, the job Fry assumed was to overcome the natural resistance of people to manufacturing a product differently from their normal experience base. The engineers in 3Ms Commercial Tape Division were accustomed to tape, which is sticky all over on one side and then gets packaged into rolls. To apply glue selectively to one side of the paper, and to move the product from rolls to sheets, the engineers would have to invent at least two entirely unique machines. Furthermore, even though 3M is noted for its coating expertise, the company did not have the coating equipment capable of putting the necessary precision on an imprecise surface such as paper. Nor did they have a good way of measuring the coatings weight. Have you ever noticed, for example, that the pads are no thicker at the adhesive layer then at the rest of the pad? In war and politics, the best strategy is to divide and conquer. In production engineering, the reverse seems to be true. Fry brought together the production people, designers, mechanical engineers, product foremen, and machine operators and let them describe the many reasons why something like that could not be done. He encouraged them to speculate on ways that they might accomplish the impossible. A lifelong gadgeteer, Fry found himself offering his own suggestions. Although the problems bothered the production people, they delighted Fry. Problems are wonderful things to have if, in overcoming them, youve created a product that is easy for customers to use but difficult for competitors to make. Inevitably, from these discussions people started thinking of places around 3M where theyd seen machines and parts they could use to piece together the impossible machines they needed to build. And they thought of people who could help. In a small company, if you had an idea that would incorporate a variety of technologies and you had to go out and buy th e equipment to put those together, you probably couldnt afford it, or youd have to go as inexpensively or as small as possible, said Fry. At a large company like 3M, weve got so many different types of technology operating and so many experts-guys that really know all about any subject you want-and so much equipment scattered here and there, that we can piece things together when were starting off. Its the old 80:20 rule; that is, 80 percent of the equipment and materials needed can probably be found within the company and can be scrounged by an entrepreneuring champion. Then there was Art Frys basement. He had had arguments with several mechanical engineers about a difficult phase of production, applying adhesive to paper in a continuous roll. He said it could be done; they said it couldnt. Fry assembled a small-scale basic machine in his basement, then adapted it until hed solved the problem. The machine worked, and it would work even better once the mechanical engineers had a chance to refine it. But the next problem Fry had was worse: the new machine was too big to fit through his basement door. If he couldnt get it out of his cellar, he couldnt show it off to the engineers. Fry accepted the consequences of his genius and did what he had to do. He broke down an external wall in his ground-level basement and delivered his machine by caesarean section! Within two years, Fry and 3Ms mechanical engineers had tinkered their way to a series of machines that, among other things, coated the yellow paper with its substrate, applied adhesive, and cut the sticky paper into little square and rectangular note pads. All of the machines are unique and proprietary to the company. They are the key to the Post-it Notes marvelous high-quality consistency and dependability. The immense difficulty of duplicating 3Ms machinery is part of the reason few CREATING INNOVATIVE CLIMATES 73 ily identified needs for clearly defined markets, products like book binding tape for libraries and PMA adhesives for the art market. The Post-it note was just another new product, and not a highpriority product at that. While the companys marketing people had become mesmerized by Post-it Notes in their own offices, they couldnt imagine that other people would feel the same way. They said you could only sell these things if you gave them away free, because whos going to p ay a dollar for scratch paper? Although most of the marketing group had used Post-it Notes, when they created marketing aterials to present the new product they included no samples. Instead they wrote brochures describing the note pads, they sent boxes of samples separately-which people would open only if they got excited by the brochures. The 3M marketing group was trapped by its own paradigm. It was their job, as marketing experts, to explain products, not to demonstrate them. And as explainers, they had no words to overcome the scratch paper metaphor. If they couldnt explain them, they couldnt sell them. Nicholson, who had spread Post-it Notes like an infection within 3M, only had limited power to push them outside the company. When the fourcity market test failed, he alone might not have had the influence to keep the produce alive. But by this time Nicholson had a heavyweight ally in his own boss Joe Ramey, a Division vice president and General Sales Manager of the Commercial Tape Division. Nicholson and Ramey were curious as to why a product that to them had obvious appeal had bombed so terribly. Had 3Ms conventional marketing approach victimized an unconventional product? They were sufficiently curious about the trial to fly to one of the market-test cities-Richmond, Virginia. Ramey had been a marketing troubleshooter and he knew realistically that some market problems are just too far advanced to be saved. Nevertheless, he agreed to go to Richmond because he liked Nicholson, not because he liked Post-it Notes chances of survival. If Nicholson and Ramey hadnt gone to Richmond, 3M almost certainly would have ceased pilot production of Post-it Notes, retired the new machinery theyd designed for the job, and let the competitors have made it to the market with Postit note imitations. Fry and the engineers worked on their unique machines and mass-production methods in a pilot plant in the Commercial Tape lab. The project team mapped out every raw material, processing step, test procedure, and intermediate product needed to produce the final output (according to Fry, the quality is so good that there have been fewer than 75 complaints since Post-its were introduced nationwide in 1980). The pilot plant produced more than enough Post-it note prototypes to supply all the companys offices. All the sticky pads went to Nicholsons office. From there his secretary carried out a program of providing every office at 3M with Post-it Notes. Early in the program, secretaries on the fourteenth floor, where the senior managers work, all eceived Post-it Notes and became hooked. Jack Wilkins, the Commercial Tape Divisions marketing director at the time, described the process of discovery that hit people the first time they encountered the Post-it Notes. Once people started using them it was like handing them marijuana, said Wilkins. Once you start using it you cant stop. Strangely enough, the personal ent husiasm of secretaries and marketing people like Wilkins did not impress the people responsible for putting Postit Notes onto the market. For the divisions marketing organization, fear of the unfamiliar repeatedly raised its head and threatened to scuttle the program. The marketing department had got out of the habit of dealing directly with consumers. This is ironic, because that much-heralded 3M hero, William L. McKnight, had established a tradition of direct contact with consumers in 1914. That year, as the companys brand-new national sales manager, the first act performed by the young McKnight was to visit furniture factories in Rockford, Illinois, and find out from workers what was wrong with 3Ms mediocre sandpaper, which was then the companys only product. That trip to Rockford was the first instance of an executive from 3M walking in the door, approaching a user, and saying, Here! Try this! Tell me what you think! By 1978 the Commercial Tape Divisions marketing department was involved in the introduction of half a dozen new products that met eas- 374 HUMAN SIDE OF MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION several hundred thousand note pads dwindle into dusty inventory. 3M had always been a company very skilled at developing new variations from old products and then expanding their range of activities as a result of such developments. But Post-it Note Pad was unique, a product entirely unrelated to anything that had ever been sold by 3M. The reason Nicholson made the extra effort to go to Richmond with Ramey to engineer a market reversal was that they had both used Post-it Notes. They knew how clever and irresistible they were. They also knew that their own marketing people had approached the market tests in the four cities of Tulsa, Denver, Richmond, and Tampa in a traditional style. These were tests that relied heavily on advertising to generate enthusiasm in distributors who did not themselves use Post-it Notes and who saw little sense in exerting sales efforts for a scratch pad that represented both an exorbitant price and a dubious profit margin. Nicholson and Ramey took to Richmond a bit of understanding that ~ad eluded all the marketers and distributors: Post-it Notes were just something you had to use to appreciate. Nicholson and Ramey took the next logical step: they stopped depending on the organization. They went out and did it themselves. To do this, they returned to the two things that had already sold Post-it Notes more than once. First, like Spencer Silver shuffling from one 3M division to another with his queer adhesive, Nicholson and Ramey went door-to-door. Second, they gave away the product, which is what they had been doing within 3M for more than a year. Throughout the banks and offices of Richmonds business district, Nicholson and Ramey introduced themselves and handed out little sticky pads of Post-it Notes, saying, Here, try this. And they watched as all kinds of people, from secretaries to programmers to vicepresidents, did just that. They tested Post-it Notes in the flesh and saw firsthand the excitement and addiction of first-time users. In one day of personal contacts in Richmond, Nicholson and Ramey had obtained vivid assurance, not only that people liked these things, but that they were pleading for 3M to make more and that they were going to tell their friends about them. As was later demonstrated in a massive marketing giveaway program in Idaho, now immortalized in 3M as the Boise Blitz, people loved the Post-it Notes they got free at first, and if getting more meant they had to pay a dollar a pad, it was well worth the price. Post-it Notes seem to spoil office people forever, for they do something no product ever did before. They convey messages in the exact spot you want with no after marks, dents, or holes. They can be moved from place to place and they come in various sizes (and now in colors) for different kinds of messages. Once youve used them, its hard to go back to staples and paper clips. The Boise Blitz was unusual but not unique at 3M. The company had saturated test markets before with products and ads. In addition to spending a small fortune on advertising, promotions, and free Post-it Notes, 3M diverted most of its Office Supply Division sales force and a battalion of temporary employees to the city of Boise in Idaho. The blitz confirmed the appeal of Post-it Notes, revealing that sales inevitably follow the distribution of free samples. Reorders came in at a rate of 90 percent, which is double the rate of any other wildly successful office product. But Boise notwithstanding, the real key to the market breakthrough for Post-it Notes was the first effort in Richmond, when Nicholson and Ramey did what 3M sales representatives had been trained to do since the early days when sandpaper was their only product; they talked directly to the end-user and then they showed distributors and retailers the results. Recalling the trip to Richmond, Nicholson called it an accident and an act of desperation. Neither he nor Ramey were hopeful that they could rejuvenate a doomed product by an impulsive flight to Richmond to knock on strange doors. What made me go out into the market was the enthusiasm of Nicholson and Fry, said Ramey. I just figured for their morale I should get out and find out whether we ought to kill it once and for all. My reaction when I first went out into those markets was that we probably had a dead duck on our hands. Frankly, I thought it was a product that people just wouldnt buy. Nicholson described the Richmond revelation as the last in a series of accidents from CREATING INNOVATIVE CLIMATES 375 researchers use of the 15 percent rule, and how this is done, the answer is that no one really keeps track. In fact, Fry points out that No one really has extra time. The 15 percent is time thats put in after 5:00 or in weekends. (The bootleg rule was instituted by McKnight after he had ordered Dick Drew back in 1923 to stop working on what turned out to be masking tape. It gives us a chance to shape our own careers, for McKnight recognized that people give their best efforts to projects theyre most interested in. The reward for the extra effort is that we are soon officially asked to do what we wanted to do all along. Fry goes on to emphasize that the beauty of bootleg projects is that they dont rely on top-down decision making. If you are going after an established market with existing technology, then top-down decision making is fine, but new-to-the-world things generally require perspectives and information from people scattered within the organization. While innovation starts with the initial idea for a creative product, a lot more creativity and new ideas are needed to build the idea into a business. The creative climate allows one to keep a low profile during the time when the early, tough problems arise that require creative solutions. One of the things that Fry had going for him right away was the support from his immediate lab supervisor, Bob Molenda, to charge expenses to miscellaneous accounts. This is another of the ways the corporation puts teeth into McKnights policy of giving freedom to chase new ideas. The company had provided Fry with just enough time and money to get started. Throwing a lot of money or people at the task not only wont speed it up, says Fry, it will only cut down on managements ability to afford to be patient. Things can be easily killed before they get a real chance. Silver also kept the Post-it adhesive alive for a remarkably, and perhaps unreasonably, long time because he also kept busy with other research tasks assigned by the company and didnt devote his entire energy to his funny discovery. He is also a cheerful man with an amazing tolerance for rejection. For more than five years, Silvers adhesive was a really oddball idea that make little sense either technically or commercially. It had no per- the initial invention of the adhesive technology by Silver to the invention of the Post-it note itself. Fry was around the adhesive and he had a problem that he needed to solve. Had Fry not been in an environment where people were playing around with that adhesive, he never would not have come up with his contribution. Retrospective writings about Post-it Notes refer effusively to the encouragement provided to creative people by champions and patrons in 3M management. Silver often wonders where all that management encouragement was during the first five years of his struggle to be heard. The 3M organization does not provide interesting soil for new ideas to grow, but until Nicholson listened to a presentation by Silver and his colleague Oliveira, 3M management had given no hint of support for what eventually became the Post-it Notes project. Until then, the flame was borne by researchers from below, acting largely in solitude and occasionally in defiance of the organizations implicit desires. Silvers adhesive (and the sticky bulletin board it spawned) lasted out a half decade of cold shoulders only because 3M has a tradition of internal selling; that is, anyone with a product idea can shop it around the companys many divisions for developmental support. This means that inventors never really get stopped at 3M-there isnt any central overseer saying, Cut that out and get back to work! Instead, inventors labor in their spare time, experiencing mounting rejections from managers, most of whom do not have the imagination, the patience, or the budget to take a serious look at their ideas. As in other companies, product ideas die at 3M, but their deaths are often more slow and lingering. Silver and Oliveira were chemists, working at 3Ms central RD lab to develop variations in chemical products. Like other chemists, they worked within specific programs set out by 3M to attain certain results, but they also had encouragement to follow up on interesting, unexpected results-within reason, of course! According to 3M policy, scientists can use up to 15 percent of their time pursuing interests outside their primary assignments. But when asked who keeps track of 3M 76 HUMAN SIDE OF MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION ceptible application; it was a solution looking for a problem. And of all the ways to devise new products, probably the most difficult and inefficient is to invent some substance with novel properties and then search for ways to use it, especially when the goal is to develop a product for which people will pay. Nevertheless, seeing face-to-face the reactions of peop le in Richmond playing with Post-it Notes was so dramatic to Ramey and Nicholson that they finally had all the evidence they need to orchestrate the Boise Blitz. Its remarkable that Post-it~ Notes and sandpaper, two of the companys greatest breakthroughs, sixty-six years apart, grew out of a similar style and faith in the wisdom of sitting down with customers and asking questions, without any of the trappings of corporate protocol. It could be just a coincidence, but according to many analysts, Post-it Notes finally succeeded because 3Ms corporate culture creates a positive environment for innovation. Although corporate culture is one of those ill-defined and overused business concepts, suffice it to say that there is something in 3Ms style that tends to encourage a measure of individual ingenuity among its workers. Fry comments in his talks that if managers arent innovative, if they dont provide the climate for creativity, if they cant set aside their carefully laid plans to take advantage of a new opportunity, then intrapreneurs (entrepreneurs within a large established business) have little encouragement. 3M operates on a simple principle, Forbes magazine once said, that no market, no end product is so small as to be scorned; that with the proper organization, a myriad of small products can be as profitable, if not more so, than a few big ones. This tolerance of the small-scale certainly helped Spence Silver, and then Art Fry, to keep the company from stomping on the Post-it Notes project before the project had developed a life of its own. But there was also the benefit of big ness. Over the years, 3M has grown into a loosely integrated cluster of divisions, with senior management in the St. Paul corporate headquarters. One of the results of this corporate sprawl is that it permits the clever researcher to hide in the crevices and carry out his own version of the 15 percent principle. Silver benefited more from this neglect than from anyone overtly encouraging him to innovate. Fry also enjoyed this dispensation from scrutiny as he fostered the Post-it project through the touchy and costly labor of product development. Although Fry started out as the team leader, the projects formal coordination passed back and forth between marketing and engineering. Others were better suited to that function than I, says Fry, and I needed to be free to focus on technical problems. A more provocative issue, though, is why people at 3M enjoy such unchecked opportunity to get away with things. A hasty judgment might be that the companys senior management is consciously fostering and rewarding innovative growth. But there is ample evidence to challenge this assertion. The company tends to recognize its most successful creative people by investing them into the companys Carlton Society or, as in the case of Fry, installing them in private laboratories. After each unexpected invention emerges at 3M, the company tends to follow up by creating new programs for innovation (the latest is called Genesis) and new honors to motivate inventors. 3M also gives Golden Step Awards for products that sell $2 million, at a profit, within the first two or three years of national introduction. When Post-it Notes won a Golden Step Award in 1981, 13 other products also won the award. In 1987, 3M had over 50 Golden Step Winners. Yet there seems to have been no desire for trophies, promotions, or rewards in any of the Post-it project principals nor in any of 3Ms prior inventors. They were people obsessed with problems, not rewards, and they usually invented their own program in order to get a problem solved. Extrinsic incentives simply dont explain why 3M gets creativity from its Silvers and Frys. There might be a more credible explanation in the companys origins. Since 1910, 3M has been inextricably linked with the city of St. Paul, and some 80 percent of its employees have historically come from the upper Midwest. One of the striking characteristics of community-linked Midwestern companies like 3M is that company and community CREATING INNOVATIVE CLIMATES 377 course of action from the one assigned by the corporation. Each time, the individual got frustrated by either the indifference or the resistance of the organization. Similar accidents had occurred in the past. In 1956 a researcher spilled a tube full of totally useless fluorocarbon compound on her shoes-and from that accident, chemists Patsy Sherman and Sam Smith created Scotchguard fabric protector. In 1950, after three polite 3M requests to stop wasting money, researcher Alvin W. Boese squeezed synthetic fibers mixed with wood pulp through a makeshift comb and created one of the most successful types of nonwoven decorative ribbon ever devised. Masking tape, cellophane tape, and many other big product successes can trace their origins to a similar sequence of happy accidents. These accidents happened because when the organization, or management, discouraged people from doing something, the cancellation order didnt carry much conviction. Ego is not popular at 3M, and it is clear that the people thinking up things often have more room to express their egos than the people who are supposed to be running things. If there is an organizational key to breakthrough at 3M, a significant element of corporate culture, it is the fact that people there dont believe in placing the values of the corporation above the values of the individual. People keep the organization vital by not taking the organization too seriously. As a result, when the creative people, Silver and Fry and Nicholson, inevitably ran into the resistance of the organization, they felt the freedom to say, Well, okay. Never mind. Ill do it myself. The organization simply did not have an equal measure of persistence in response. 3M gives in to people who are sure of themselves. Just as important, everybody at 3M knows that, if someones pet project blows up in his face, it isnt the end of the world. If Silver, Fry, or Nicholson had failed, they wouldnt have been dismissed or disgraced. As long as they had their chores done, they always had a place at the table. have grown up together, and they like to think they know what to expect from each other. This bond among town, corporate management, and workers creates trust, and with trust comes an air of amiability. The ease and unpretentiousness of the highest officials at 3M is different from the formality and status sensitivity of managements in other regions, especially in the East. Nicholson and Ramey, for example, did not need to overcome a lot of deepseated conditioning in order to go out on the streets and behave like peddlers. Fry himself sold pots and pans and luggage door-to-door while he was in college. At 3M, it is simply not good form for management to watch too closely over the shoulders of its veteran employees. It is equally bad form for employees to violate the trust placed in them by a less than vigilant management. There is an honor system, and it works. The source of this heartland ethos may lie in the farms that surround St. Paul and the pioneering spirit from which they originated. A midwestern American farm is a place where-for generationseach worker has been expected to complete his daily chores before sitting down to supper. Nobody ever watches him do his chores; if he doesnt do them, the disastrous evidence will become apparent by the next days dawn. Nobody ever asks him if he did his chores, because he wouldnt be eating if he hadnt. People carry on without permission at 3M because theyre trustworthy. And theyre trustworthy because trust is a part of the larger culture that has surrounded and affected 3M for eighty-five years. In fact, one thing 3M has shown is that when it gets too structured and self-conscious about managing its innovation, it doesnt innovate any